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Kirumb Sound Changes

Summary

This page lists the general laws that change Proto-Indo-European words into Kirumb ones. There's two sets, one to generate Proto-Hadwan (the immediate parent of Kirumb) and those of Kirumb proper.

Abbreviations

  • # - A word boundary.
  • B - Any back vowel.
  • C - Any consonant.
  • D - Any dental.
  • F - Any front vowel.
  • G - Any velar.
  • н - Any laryngeal.
  • H - Any high vowel.
  • J - Any palatal.
  • L - Any long vowel.
  • M - Any mid vowel.
  • N - Any nasal.
  • R - Any sonorant.
  • S - Any sibilant.
  • V - Any vowel.
  • Vd - Voiced consonants.
  • Vl - Voiceless stops.

Proto-Hadwan Changes

Laryngeals

Onset laryngeals color following vowels.

  • { *e, *o } → *a / *н2 _
  • *e → *o / *н3 _

Coda laryngeals lengthen and color preceding vowels and syllabic resonants.

  • *e → *a / _ *н2
  • *e → *o / _ *н3
  • { *a *e *i *o *u *μ *ν *λ *ρ } → { *ā *ē *ī *ō *ū *ām *īn *ūl *ūr } / _ { н }{ #, C }

Laryngeals disappear before and after vowels. Syllabic laryngeals become *i.

  • н → *i / { #, C } _ { #, C }
  • н → 0 / _

Sibilant and Nasals

  • *s → *ś / _ { *y, *w }
  • *s → *h / # _
  • *s → *h / _ { *r, *m, *n, *l }
  • *s → *z / { V, *r } _ V
  • *s → *z / _ { Vd }
  • *n → *ŋ / _ { G, *u }
  • *n → *ñ / _ { J, D, *y }

Assimilations

Stop clusters with aspirates devoice, deaspirate (Antibartholomæ's Law)

  • { C[+stop], C[+stop+asp] }{ C[+stop+asp], C[+stop] } → { C[-asp-vox] }{ C[-asp][-vox] } / _
  • { D } → *s / _ *t
  • { *d, *dh } → *s / _ { Vl }
  • { Vd } → { Vl } / _ *s
  • *t → *ќ / _ *s
  • { D, J } → { [-vox] } / _ { Vl }

Consonant Shifts

  • { Vd[+asp] } → { Vd[-asp] } / _
  • { *p, *b } → { *φ *β } / _
  • { *t, *d } → { *c, *j } / _ { F }
  • { *t, *d } → { *ś, *z } / _ { *r }
  • { *ќ, *ģ } → { *k, *g } / { *s, *u } _
  • { *ќ, *ģ } → { *k, *g } / _ { *r, *a }
  • { *ќ, *ģ } → { *ś, *ž } / _
  • { *kw, *gw } → { *χ, *γ } / _ { C[+stop] }
  • { *kw, *gw } → { *k, *g } / _

Diphthongs

  • { *ei, *eu } → { *ai, *au } / _
  • { *oi, *ou } → { *ī, *ū } / _
  • { *ai, *au } → { *ē, *ø̄ } / _

Kirumb Changes

  • *ñ → ŋ / _
  • { M } → { H } / _
  • *γ → y / _
  • { *μ *ν *λ *ρ *ŋ }{ *y } → { im, in, il, ir, iŋ } / _
  • { *μ *ν *λ *ρ *ŋ }{ *w } → { um, un, ul, ur, uŋ } / _
  • { *μ *ν *λ *ρ *ŋ } → { a, a, ul, ur, u } / _
  • { *w, *y } → 0 / { L } _
  • { S }{ *y } → š / _
  • { V } → { L } / _ { {R, J} }{ {*y, *w} }
  • { *y, *w } → 0 / { V }{ {R, J} } _
  • *y → 0 / _ { F }
  • *w → 0 / _ { B }
  • { V } → { L } / _ { V }
  • { *ś, *ž } → { *s, *š } / _
  • { N } → ŋ / _ #
  • *n → { m, ŋ } / { {φ β}, {k, g, χ, w} } _
  • { V }{ N } → { L }{ 0 } / _ { S }
  • { *s, *š, *z } → { st, šk, zd } / _ *r
  • { *s, *š, *z } → { t, k, d } / { S } _
  • *z → r / { V } _ { V }
  • *z → l / _ *l
  • { #i[-stress], i[-stress]#} → 0 / _